№ lp_2_3_59034
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Discussion paper on design constraints for ULBC codec focusing on computational complexity, AI-based solutions, and target device specifications.
Year:
2025
Region / City:
Online
Topic:
Codec Design, AI, Speech Processing
Document Type:
Discussion Paper
Organization / Institution:
Dolby Laboratories Inc., Nokia, Xiaomi Technology, Orange
Author:
Not specified
Target Audience:
3GPP working groups, codec developers
Period of Validity:
2025
Approval Date:
Not specified
Date of Changes:
Not specified
Note:
Context description
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Year:
2021
Region:
West Africa
Subject:
Agriculture, Botany, Socio-Economic Studies
Document Type:
Scientific Article
Institution:
Université de Diffa; Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey; Centre Régional AGRHYMET-CRA-AOS/CILSS
Authors:
KAKA KIARI Boukar Kellou, ALIO MOUSSA Abdourazak, ATTA Sanoussi, BAKASSO Yacoubou, MAHAMANE Ali
Keywords:
Hibiscus sabdariffa, Roselle, Leaves, Calyxes, Seeds, Socio-Economic Importance
Target Audience:
Researchers, Agronomists, Policy Makers
Abstract Available:
Yes
Language:
English
Description:
Scientific article detailing the botanical characteristics, ecological adaptation, economic uses, and cultivation challenges of Roselle in West Africa.
Year:
2019
Region / city:
Ireland / Northern Ireland
Theme:
Electricity market, imbalance pricing
Document Type:
Recommendation Report
Organ / institution:
EirGrid plc, SONI Limited
Author:
Modifications Committee Secretariat
Target Audience:
Regulatory Authorities, Market Participants
Period of Validity:
2019
Approval Date:
18 April 2019
Modification Date:
24 April 2019
Note:
Contextual Description
Year:
2021
Region / city:
Wera Woreda, Halaba Zone
Theme:
Crop production, Agriculture
Document Type:
Research Report
Organization / Institution:
Not specified
Author:
Not specified
Target Audience:
Researchers, agricultural experts, policymakers
Period of validity:
Not specified
Date of approval:
Not specified
Date of changes:
Not specified
Note:
Contextual Description
Document type:
Supplementary tables and figures
Subject:
Proton therapy and VMAT treatment planning and dosimetric analysis
Techniques evaluated:
IMPT, VMAT
Clinical indications:
Base of skull tumors, paediatric craniopharyngioma, chordoma, chondrosarcoma
Structures analyzed:
Brain, Brainstem, Optic chiasm, Optic nerves, CTV
Dose metrics:
Mean dose, Maximum dose, EQD2, BED, LETd
Robustness parameters:
Isocenter shifts ±3.0 mm; Proton range uncertainty ±3.5%
Fractionation scheme:
1.67 Gy(RBE) fractions
Constraint source:
EPTN dose constraints
Number of patients:
6 adult cases
Comparative models:
Nominal IMPT, Worst case IMPT uncertainty, VMAT, McNamara variable RBE model (α/β)x = 2–4 Gy
Figures included:
Beam arrangement views, dose distributions, LETd maps, DVHs, robustness analysis
Author:
Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine
Title:
Higher education : quality, access and equity
Type of document:
Submitted reply / academic essay
Publication context:
Education & beyond
Number of contributors:
30 Authors, 7 Countries
Thematic focus:
Higher education policy, access, equity, quality, financing
Geographical focus:
Tunisia and international context
Period discussed:
Late twentieth century and early twenty-first century
Key issues:
Massification of higher education, reduction of public funding, unemployment of graduates, gender inequalities
Referenced sources:
Altbach, Reisberg & Rumbley (2009); Melonio & Mezouaghi (2010); Ben Sedrine (2009); Ben Hassine (2012)
Document language:
English
Year:
2025
Region:
Thrissur and Ernakulam districts, Kerala, India
Subject:
Agricultural marketing, Horticulture, Geographical Indications
Document type:
Research article
Institution:
Local agricultural research institutions
Authors:
Jagadeesh, Ahmad, Sharma, Vachhani
Target audience:
Farmers, market intermediaries, policymakers, agricultural researchers
Study period:
February–May 2025
Crop:
Kodungallur snap melon (Cucumis melo var. momordica)
GI recognition date:
November 2022
Methods:
Cross-sectional survey, Acharya’s Modified Marketing Efficiency, Garrett’s ranking
Marketing channels analyzed:
Direct producer–consumer, farmer–retailer–consumer, multi-intermediary contractor channels
Key findings:
Direct marketing yields highest producer share and efficiency; price fluctuations and perishability limit adoption; marketing costs increase with channel length
Year:
2019
Country:
Liberia
Sector:
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)
Document Type:
Report
Organization:
The World Bank
Author:
World Bank staff
Target Audience:
Government of Liberia, development partners, policymakers
Key Focus:
Sector financing, institutional coordination, policy recommendations
Period Covered:
FY2015–2018
Date of Publication:
June 21, 2019
Legal Notice:
© 2019 The World Bank
Year:
2015
Region / City:
Sevenoaks
Topic:
Theatre Venue Specifications
Document Type:
Technical Specifications
Organization:
The Stag Community Arts Centre
Author:
Not specified
Target Audience:
Hirers of The Stag Community Arts Centre
Period of Validity:
N/A
Approval Date:
N/A
Amendment Date:
N/A
Description:
Document outlining technical specifications and general constraints for hirers of The Stag Community Arts Centre, detailing stage, sound, lighting, and other operational requirements for events held at the venue.
Year:
2020
Region / City:
South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape
Subject:
National defence, maritime security, budget allocation
Document Type:
Government report
Organization / Institution:
South African Department of Defence, South African Navy
Author:
South African Department of Defence
Target Audience:
Parliament, defence stakeholders, public
Financial Year:
2020/21
Operation Names:
Operation Corona, Operation Phakisa
Patrol Areas:
Territorial waters, Exclusive Economic Zone, Prince Edward and Marion Islands
Key Assets:
SAS Amatola, SAS Makhanda, Sarah Baartman, Namoura Class harbour patrol boats, hydrographic survey vessel (Project Hotel)
Purpose:
Maritime patrols, anti-poaching operations, border safeguarding, regional security
Security Threats:
Islamist insurgency in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique
Exercise:
Imvubu
Context:
Budget reductions due to COVID-19 allocations, impact on naval operations
Publication:
Supplementary Budget Review 2020, National Treasury
Year:
2025
Region / City:
Online
Topic:
AI Codec Complexity, Mobile Devices
Document Type:
Discussion Paper
Organization / Institution:
3GPP TSG-SA WG4
Author:
vivo
Target Audience:
Industry professionals, engineers, researchers
Period of Validity:
N/A
Approval Date:
N/A
Date of Changes:
N/A
Year:
2024
Region / city:
N/A
Topic:
Ultra-low bit rate codec for voice over GEO
Document type:
Study report
Organization / institution:
3GPP
Author:
N/A
Target audience:
Technical experts in voice codecs and GEO satellite communication
Period of validity:
N/A
Approval date:
March 2024
Amendment date:
N/A
Year:
2025
Region / City:
Fukuoka, Japan
Topic:
Speech Codec Testing
Document Type:
Discussion and Agreement
Organization:
3GPP SA4
Author:
Dolby Laboratories Inc., Novamint
Target Audience:
Technical experts in speech codecs
Effective Period:
May 2025
Approval Date:
Not specified
Modification Date:
Not specified
Year:
2025
Region / City:
Japan, Fukuoka
Topic:
Ultra-low bit rate speech codecs, Test methodologies
Document Type:
Discussion and Agreement
Organization:
3GPP SA4
Author:
Dolby Laboratories Inc., Novamint
Target Audience:
Engineers and researchers in speech coding
Period of Validity:
N/A
Approval Date:
N/A
Date of Changes:
N/A
Source:
Rapporteur FS_ULBC
Version:
0.12.20
Agenda item:
7.9
Document for:
Agreement
Revision history:
0.1.0–0.2.0 (2025-05-23 to 2025-07-25)
Meetings:
SA4#132, SA4#133-e
Related TR:
3GPP TR 26.940 “Study on Ultra Low Bitrate Speech Codecs”
Related specifications:
3GPP TS 26.132; 3GPP TR 38.811; 3GPP TR 38.821; TR 36.321; 3GPP TR 36.763
Study item reference:
SP-250378 “SID on Ultra Low Bitrate Speech Codec”
Scope:
Ultra-low bit rate speech codec for voice over Geostationary Orbit (GEO) satellites
Working group:
3GPP SA4
Scenario focus:
IMS Voice Call over GEO
Technical aspects:
Bit rates; sample rate and audio bandwidth; frame length; complexity and memory demands; algorithmic delay; packet loss concealment; discontinuous transmission; speech quality; robustness to non-speech input
Channel assumptions:
Limited data rate (1–3 kbit/s); GEO satellite access; increased uplink and downlink delay; transmission errors
Coordination:
SA2, RAN, CT1 and other 3GPP groups
Document type:
Permanent document (p-doc) supporting a Technical Report
Version:
0.45.0
Year:
2025
Region / City:
Global
Theme:
Ultra-Low Bitrate Communication for Voice over GEO Satellites
Document Type:
Technical Report
Organization / Institution:
3GPP
Author:
Not specified
Target Audience:
3GPP Working Groups, Telecom Engineers
Effective Period:
Ongoing
Approval Date:
2025-05-23
Date of Changes:
2026-02-xx03
Context:
A technical document outlining the study and development of ultra-low bitrate speech codecs for voice communication via geostationary satellites, including performance requirements, test methodologies, and application scenarios.
Year:
2025
Region / City:
Global / 3GPP Members
Subject:
Telecommunications; NB-IoT; IMS Voice; GEO Satellite
Document Type:
Technical contribution / Agreement
Organization:
3GPP, vivo Mobile Communication Co.
Authors:
Contributors from vivo, China Mobile, MediaTek, ZTE, Verizon, Ericsson, CATT, Nokia, Skylo, Thales, China Telecom, Spreadtrum, Xiaomi, OPPO, China Unicom, LG Electronics, Apple, Samsung, NTT DOCOMO, CSCN, SHARP
Target Audience:
3GPP Working Groups RAN1, RAN2, SA2, SA4
Period of Effect:
2025 – until next update
Approval Date:
August 2025
References:
3GPP TR 23.700-19, TS 26.132, TR 36.321, TR 36.763, TR 38.811, TR 38.821, FS_ULBC Tdocs
Year:
2026
Location:
Goa, India
Topic:
Ultra Low Bitrate Speech Codec Feasibility Study
Document Type:
Meeting Report / Study Plan
Organization:
3GPP TSG-SA WG4
Source:
China Mobile
Version:
0.65
Agenda Item:
16.27.8
Purpose:
Discussion and Agreement
Scope:
IMS Voice Call over GEO, Multi-Party Voice Communication, Vehicle Emergency Call Communication
Performance Metrics:
Speech quality, intelligibility, conversational quality, complexity, memory demands, algorithmic delay, PLC, noise suppression, DTX
Related Documents:
TR 22.887, Annex A Living Document, TR sections 4–9
Coordination:
SA2, RAN, CT1, other relevant 3GPP working groups
Timeline:
March 2025 – February 2026
Meetings:
SA4#131-bis-e, SA4#132, SA4#135, SA4#136, Audio SWG telco, TSG SA#107
Testing:
Subjective and objective methodologies, codec evaluation under clean and noisy conditions, GEO channel simulations
Year:
2025–2026
Region / City:
Global / 3GPP Collaboration
Subject:
Ultra Low Bitrate Speech Codec (ULBC) for GEO Satellite Voice Services
Document Type:
Technical Report / Working Document
Organization:
3GPP SA4 Working Group
Author:
FS_ULBC Rapporteur Team
Target Audience:
Telecom engineers, standardization participants
Revision History:
Detailed per version from 0.1.0 to 0.6.0 including clause updates, simulation models, and design considerations
Applicable Standards:
3GPP TR 26.940, TS 26.132, TR 38.811, TR 38.821, TS 23.700-19
Scope:
ULBC design constraints, simulation methodologies, performance requirements, interoperability with IMS voice over GEO NTN
Methodology:
Clause-based updates, simulation results, reference codecs analysis, complexity and memory evaluation, design constraints validation
Related Contributions:
SP-250378, Tdoc S4-251390, S4aA250058, S4aA250259, S4aA250069, S2-2509293
Implementation Period:
Drafting and updates between May 2025 and February 2026
Additional Notes:
Excludes NB-IoT impacts; coordinates with multiple 3GPP groups
Year:
2026
Region / city:
Goa, India
Topic:
Feasible bitrates, NTN-TDL-C channel model
Document type:
Technical paper
Organization:
Qualcomm Incorporated, Xiaomi
Author:
Qualcomm Incorporated
Target audience:
SA4 working group members, 3GPP participants
Effective period:
February 9-13, 2026
Approval date:
Not provided
Date of changes:
Not provided
Year:
2025
Region / City:
Online
Topic:
AI Codec Complexity, Mobile Devices
Document Type:
Discussion Paper
Organization / Institution:
3GPP TSG-SA WG4
Author:
vivo
Target Audience:
Industry professionals, engineers, researchers
Period of Validity:
N/A
Approval Date:
N/A
Date of Changes:
N/A