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Technical standard chapter describing the aetiology, host range, pathology, transmission, epidemiology and control measures of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in farmed shrimp.
Chapter: 2.2.1
Disease name: Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
Aetiological agent: Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains containing the pVA1 plasmid encoding PirA and PirB toxins
Plasmid designation: pVA1 (~70-kbp)
Host species (susceptible): giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon); whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)
Species with incomplete evidence: fleshy prawn (Penaeus chinensis)
Species with PCR detection only: kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicus)
Potential reservoirs (experimental evidence): Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Cherax quadricarinatus
Transmission routes: immersion, oral (per os), reverse gavage, co-habitation
Target organs: gut, stomach, hepatopancreas
Mortality: up to 100% within 30–35 days post-stocking
First reported: Asia, 2010
Subsequent reports: Americas (2013); Africa (2017)
Seasonality: peak occurrence April to July
Environmental factors: salinity, water quality, feed quality, algal blooms
Vaccination: not available
Chemotherapy: not available
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Assessment of infection with all genogroups of the virus species infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus for listing in the Aquatic Code
Year: 2023
Region / city: Global
Topic: Aquatic animal health
Document type: Assessment report
Organization / institution: World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)
Author: Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission
Target audience: Veterinary and aquatic health professionals, policy makers
Period of validity: Not specified
Approval date: Not specified
Date of amendments: Not specified
Infection with infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus
Year: 2020
Region / city: Global
Topic: Aquatic animal diseases, Virus infection
Document type: Research paper
Organization / institution: Not specified
Author: Penez et al.
Target audience: Researchers, Marine biologists, Aquatic health professionals
Effective period: Not specified
Approval date: Not specified
Date of changes: Not specified
Infection with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV)
Chapter: 2.3.2
Subject: Infection with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus
Pathogen: Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV)
Virus genus: Ranavirus
Virus family: Iridoviridae
Genome: Double-stranded DNA, 150–170 kb
Virion morphology: Icosahedral, 150–180 nm
Host range: Finfish, amphibians and reptiles
Susceptible species: Esox lucius; Galaxias olidus; Ameiurus melas; Melanotaenia fluviatilis; Perca fluviatilis; Sander lucioperca; Macquaria australasica; Gambusia holbrooki; Gambusia affinis; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Bidyanus bidyanus
Target organs: Kidney; spleen; liver
Geographical occurrence: Australia; Europe
Transmission factors: Water; sediment; plants; equipment; birds
Environmental stability: Persistent in frozen tissues and water at 4°C and 15°C
Disease pattern: High mortality in European perch; low prevalence but high case fatality in rainbow trout
Life stage susceptibility: Higher severity in juveniles
Vectors: Birds
Related viruses: European catfish virus (ECV); European sheatfish virus (ESV); Cod iridovirus (CodV)
Source type: Aquatic animal health code chapter
Clinical and Pathological Features of Bovine Ischaemic Teat Necrosis
Year: 2022
Region / Country: United Kingdom
Topic: Veterinary Medicine, Dairy Cattle Disease
Document Type: Research Article
Institution: University of Liverpool, Quality Milk Management Services, Appithorne
Authors: Hayley E Crosby-Durrani, Stuart D Carter, Richard J Blundell, Al Manning, Roger Blowey, Nicholas J Evans
Target Audience: Veterinary professionals, dairy farmers, animal health researchers
Study Period: Early lactation, first-lactation dairy cows
Date of Submission: Not specified
Ethical Approval: University of Liverpool, reference VREC460
Keywords: bovine, dairy, histology, ischaemia, necrosis, teat
HYDROCORTISONE CAN IMPROVE THE HISTOMORPHOLOGY OF TRANSPLATED RAT OVARIES THROUGH REDUCING OVARIAN NECROSIS AND INFLAMMATION
Year: 2026
Region / city: Istanbul, Turkey
Topic: Histology, Endocrinology, Ovarian Transplantation
Document type: Research Article
Author: Ph.D. Ali DOĞAN, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe YAZAR
Target audience: Scientists, Medical Researchers, Healthcare Professionals
Period of validity: N/A
Approval date: N/A
Date of last revision: N/A
Supplementary Table 1: List of the top 100 cited articles on avascular necrosis of the femoral head
Year: 1950–2009
Region / City: International
Topic: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head
Document Type: Bibliographic table
Source / Journal: Various orthopedic and medical journals
Authors: Multiple (listed per article)
Target Audience: Orthopedic surgeons, researchers, medical professionals
Period Covered: 1950–2009
Citation Count: Provided for each article
Methodology: Quantitative ranking by number of citations
Special Focus: Magnetic resonance imaging, surgical treatment, epidemiology, experimental studies
Topics: hepatopancreatic AHPND necrosis