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Secondary educational lesson plan incorporating a primary source excerpt from late nineteenth-century investigative journalism depicting tenement lodging conditions in New York City and framing classroom analysis of industrialization, immigration, and urban political dynamics.
Author: Jacob Riis
Source Text: How the Other Half Lives
Publishing Year of Source Text: 1890
Educational Program: Teaching American History, OUSD Study Tour
Year of Lesson Plan: 2010
History Standards: 11.2
CCSS Standards: Reading Grade 11; Writing Grade 11
Primary Focus: Industrialization, immigration, urban poverty
Geographic Focus: New York City, United States
Related Historical Figures: Theodore Roosevelt; John Bunyan
Original Publication Venue of Excerpts: New York Sun
Associated Institution: Tenement Museum
Key Location Referenced: 97 Orchard Street, New York City
Related Historical Sites: Ellis Island; Five Points
Document Type: Secondary educational lesson plan with primary source excerpt
Intended Audience: Grade 11 students
Price: 8 / 10 USD
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Muckraker Analysis Jacob Riis
Note: Year
Author: Jacob Riis
The Industrial & Agricultural NorthEarly Textile Manufacturing:1789 Samuel Slater arrived in AmericaSlater built 1st textile mill in 17901807 Jefferson’s embargo stimulated domestic productionWar of 1812 restricted imports and encouraged growth of _________________By 1815, textile mills numbered in hundredsThe Factory System: New way of organizing labor - machines too large for worker's homeReplaced the ________________ -based system of early 1800’sSpread rapidly in the 1820’s & again between 1840-60Production and location: First impact- textile industry: _________Moved to shoe industry: E. MassBy 1830s - moved to other industries - moved to other areas of NE NE = over ½ of industries , 2/3 of production and ¾ of workersTechnology:By 1830’s overtook ____________________ - Euros traveled to US to study new techniques Development of machine tools Interchangeable parts revolutionized machineryThe Family System: Hiring an entire family - men for heavy labor (power loom) - women and children for lighter work Families lived in tenements or mill villagesThe Lowell System: Found in Waltham Mass. Began 1813Paternalistic textile factory system Employed _____________________________ [15-35] - from NE farms Emphasis was placed on mechanization and standardization - used as a modelWhy Employ Women?Traditionally employed in home textile workNot expected to support families and so could be paid Women not expected to be independent or equal citizens“A father’s debts…to be paid, an aged mother to be supported, a brother’s ambition to be aided”Conditions: Emphasized maintenance of a proper environment: 1. enforced curfews2. encouraged church3. maintained cleanliness living conditions good & wages were fairFree of the filth, poverty and social disorder Supervised on the job and at homeLowell System Declined:High standards difficult to sustain and keep production costs low - wages declined - longer hours - conditions deteriorated 1834 Factory Girls Association (FGA) Union - strike 2x for better wages and lower rent: _______________ - formed Female Labor Reform Association > demanded help from legislation Replaced by Irish ImmigrantsImmigrant Labor Force:Major labor pop after 1840Accelerated deterioration of working conditions laborLow wages $1-$6 a weekTerrible living conditions12-14 hr work dayLabor Responded: Mass. 1842 Commonwealth v. Hunt - Unions were lawful - strikes were legal Unions of 1840s and 1850s ineffective! - not large or strong enough & lacked unity - too many immigrants!Craft Unions (skilled) more successfulNortheast Agriculture:No longer profitable - moved west - moved to cities Some stayed and supplied cities - veg & fruit - dairy farmingOld Northwest:Industrial growth 1840-1860 - based on _____________________ - flour milling - meat packing - whiskey Agriculture is Supreme! - avg. person owned prosperous farmSectionalism:NW sold products to NE and NE NWEastern industry sold to the westSTRONG _________________________ BOND!!!South is becoming more isolatedFarming Technology:Steel plows - 1847 John Deere factory McCormick Reaperallowed 6 men to do the work of 15quicker harvestThreshing MachineJerome I. Case factory Racine, WisconsinNo longer flailing grain by hand > saved time - 25 bushels an hour
Year: 1789
Region / City: Waltham, Massachusetts
Topic: Early textile manufacturing, factory systems, labor conditions, industrial growth
Document Type: Historical analysis / Economic development
Organization: Not specified
Author: Not specified
Target Audience: Scholars, historians, students of American industrial history
Period of Activity: 1789-1860
Approval Date: Not specified
Modification Date: Not specified
Topics: OUSD Riis Tenements